Our Sources — NICE, NHS, ADA, Diabetes UK and Peer-Reviewed Research

Living Diabetes content is grounded in published clinical guidance and peer-reviewed research. Below is the list of authoritative bodies and resources we rely on. We cite specific guidelines and trials in individual articles; this page explains why we use these particular sources.

Last reviewed: May 2026.

Primary clinical guidelines

NICE — National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

The UK’s official body for evidence-based clinical guidance. All Living Diabetes content is reviewed against current NICE recommendations.

  • NICE NG28 — Type 2 diabetes in adults: management
  • NICE NG17 — Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management
  • NICE NG18 — Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people
  • NICE NG3 — Diabetes in pregnancy
  • NICE NG19 — Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management
  • NICE NG203 — Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management
  • NICE PH46 — BMI: preventing ill health and premature death in Black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups

ADA — American Diabetes Association

The ADA publishes the annual Standards of Care in Diabetes, the most cited international diabetes guideline. We refer to the 2026 edition (and earlier where specific evidence is unchanged).

ذیابیطس یوکے

The UK’s largest diabetes charity. We use Diabetes UK’s patient-facing position statements and food data tables, and link to the validated Know Your Risk assessment.

NHS

For UK-specific service information — the Diabetic Eye Screening Programme, the Healthier You Diabetes Prevention Programme, and patient-facing condition pages.

KDIGO — Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes

The international body whose CKD staging and diabetes-CKD guideline is used worldwide.

Primary research databases

  • PubMed — the US National Library of Medicine database for peer-reviewed biomedical research
  • Cochrane Library — systematic reviews of healthcare evidence
  • ClinicalTrials.gov — trial registry, particularly for landmark cardiovascular outcome trials in diabetes

Landmark trials we reference frequently

  • UKPDS (UK Prospective Diabetes Study, 1998) — established the long-term benefits of glycaemic and blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes
  • DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, 1993) — demonstrated tight glycaemic control reduces complications in type 1 diabetes
  • EMPA-REG OUTCOME (2015) — first SGLT2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcome trial; reshaped diabetes medication choice
  • LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, SELECT — GLP-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials
  • DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced/Preserved, DAPA-CKD, EMPA-KIDNEY — SGLT2 inhibitor trials in heart failure and CKD
  • SURPASS, SURMOUNT — tirzepatide trials in type 2 diabetes and obesity
  • DiRECT (2018) — diet-induced remission of type 2 diabetes
  • Diabetes Prevention Program (2002) — lifestyle intervention reduces progression to type 2 diabetes by 58%
  • ADAG (Nathan et al., 2008) — derived the formula linking HbA1c to estimated average glucose
  • Battelino et al. (2019) — international consensus on time-in-range targets

Pharmacology references

Nutrition references

Population and registry data

How we cite

Within an article we link directly to the most authoritative source for each clinical claim — preferring NICE / ADA guidelines and primary peer-reviewed research over secondary sources. When a guideline cites a landmark trial, we link to both. When evidence is uncertain or contested, we say so explicitly.

Read more about our approach in our editorial process.

محبت عام کرو
Tags:
Category: